Aggression & Biological explanations

The demand to understand aggression over the years has continued to intensify as it remains the central cause for broken families and relationships, societal conflicts and most importantly the major cause of incarceration for people in all age groups.Though some scholars have concluded that biological causes of aggression, the ability to address it by changing things in the environment at different levels of growth and development makes it to be more psychological.However, it is the findings from many scholars that men are more aggressive than women which that has resulted to a more heated debate.   Joel et al (2010) found that women suffered about 65% of the total domestic violence.Aggression is any action or behavior by members of the same community that is intended to instill pain or cause harm to a specified target; for instance murder, domestic violence, manslaughter, and aggravated assault.   It from this consideration that this evaluation intrinsically analyzes aggression and why men are more aggressive compared to women.Biological explanations(a)  Ã‚     Variation in libido levelsAccording to Yvonne et al (2010), an individual’s actions can be traced from his respective genetic constitutions of chemicals that command them.   In this case, aggression arises from stimulation of these chemicals and their relation to respective environments.Biologically, men’s higher levels of aggression can be understood from two different perspectives. First the psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud considers behavior as a derivative and motivated by sexual and libido energies.Aggression is therefore a libido representation as exemplified by the Oedipus complex.   With men’s libido being relatively higher compared to women as Rhiannon ands Crisp (2010) explain, their aggressiveness is equally higher.   At childhood level, a boy of about five years develops strong sexual desires to his mother after realization that she is the provider of food.Notably, this innate desire to associate with the mother makes the boy to develop and display aggressive behavior towards the father who is considered an immediate rival. For the girls, they seek to associate more with their fathers from penis envy before they are able to resolve the conflict.   Though Yvonne et al (2010) differ with Society for Neuroscience (2007) on libido extent in causing aggressive behavior, they emphasize that boys often take longer and their aggression is evident from a broader perspective (in school and community) compared to girls.Report by Sigelman and Rider (2008) indicate that boys and girls exhibit aggression in about 10% and 6% of their varied social behaviors respectively.(b)  Ã‚   Evolutionary explanationsBuss (2005) consideration presents aggression as a factor of an individual’s chemical constitution and heredity effects.   Over the years different genes are passed down through generations to facilitate their survival in the commu nity.   Similar to non-human organisms where males fight for mating preferences and food, men equally seek to control their dominance in the community and institutions.Following the male dominance in most of the top executive positions, their aggression is projected at protecting themselves, their progenies and even relatives; an aspect that soon turns into a cycle with only one family or region being in   leadership or management.   Notably, this consideration has however received major criticism as emerging scholars cite environmental factors as the main cause of aggression.Neurotransmitter chemicals differences in men and women determine the levels of aggression in them.   Society for Neuroscience (2007) indicates that serotonin, a major neurotransmitter messenger, in ordinary levels as it mostly happens with women, have a calming effect.   However, men generally have a major deficiency of serotonin which has been linked to greater aggression levels.However, these resul ts appear to contradict previous findings by Garandeau and Cillessen (2006) which indicated that serotonin causes aggression when in higher levels.   . Yvonne et al (2010) findings are further supported by Buss (2005) who indicates that serotonin is used in treating aggressive behavior.Unlike other causes of aggression which appear to be controversial in causing aggression in people, high levels of the testosterone (male sex hormone) in men compared to women is a major cause of their aggressive behavior.Rhiannon ands Crisp (2010) explain that in a jail with males of violent crimes, their levels of testosterone was found to be higher compared to those without criminal record.   Unlike women, men’s testosterone levels easily rise at slightest provocation to make them easily get involved in different crimes.Therefore, though testosterone among men is generally high compared to women, it requires an effective precursor situation for one to be involved in aggression activity.P sychological underpinnings(a)  Ã‚   Social learningIn his view which appears to partially support biological causes of aggression, South and Georgina (2007) postulate that psychological considerations have more weight.   Naturally, people are subjected to differing environments which mould how they react to various situations.According to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, when people are subjected to aggressive environments, they internalize and latter practice related actions (Hines and Saudino, 2003).   In his experiment with children on aggressive and non-aggressive dolls, Bandura found that related aggression and non-aggressiveness was effectively replicated.   However, why are men more aggressive than women?From a cultural perspective, South and Georgina (2007) argues that men are expected to be handy and therefore often subject themselves to key aggressive events.   For instance, more boys often prefer hostile computer games as girls prefer working with dolls. South and Georgina (2007) adds that as men grow up, they often seek to relate with more aggressive systems as they consider them to be useful in defending themselves and their families.For instance, men will always seek to build up their boy muscles, train in defense skills and also watch hostile media which could easily result to aggression.   As indicated earlier, internalization of these violent actions creates a series of constant feedbacks reflected in their behavior as aggression.

Maasranga Communication Limited

[pic] Assignment On Maasranga Communications Limited Submitted To: Maksuda Hossain Lecturer FBA Eastern University Submitted By: Name |ID | |Dewan Abdullah |101200205 | |Nadim Ali Mollah |101200208 | |Shahina Akter |101200211 | |Jahangir Sharif |101200210 | |Abrar Faisal |101200207 | SEC-4 Faculty of Business Administration Submission: 07/11/2011 [pic] [pic] Terms of Reference December 8, 2011 Maksuda Hossain Lecturer Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Madam, The report at your hand is on â€Å"Maasranga Communication limited†. You assign us to prepare this report as a part of the Management (MGT 201) course requirement.While preparing this report, we have tried to follow your instructions given in the class. We believe our report contains information help us to make a clear recognize about â€Å"Maasranga Communication limited†. We really enjoyed doing such a challenging report. If you have further queries regarding this paper, we gladly re main stand by whenever you ask for it. Finally, we are grateful to you for giving us a nice opportunity to work on this report, which we have considered as a great chance for us to develop our analytical skills. Sincerely yours, Dewan Abdullah †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Nadim Ali Mollah †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abrar Faisal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Shahina Akter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Jahangir Sharif †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Table of contents Chapter: 1 Introductory Part Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Objective or purpose of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Limitations of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Chapter: 2 Body of the Report Overview of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Environment of the firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Major competitors of the firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Environmental turbulence (Recent problem)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Major uniqueness of the channel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Chapter: 3 concluding Part Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Findings†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Maasranga Communications Limited Introductory Part Cause behind named â€Å"Maasranga† It is a sister concern of Square Group. Before that, Square had a production House that is renowned as Maasranga Production. For that, the Name of that our channel is Maasranga communication limited. It starts its operation from 30 July 2011officially. Introduction: Maasranga Television, part of the SQUARE Group, has turned to Grass Valley for a complete newsroom system, production and master control switchers, and infrastructure equipment as part of the rollout of an HDTV station in Bangladesh.It is the first High Definition (HD) TV channel in Bangladesh. At the heart of the channel is a complete digital news production system based on the Aurora production suite, with Grass Valley K2 media servers for content storage and exchange, and EDIUS editing workstations. Each of the two studios is equipped with a Grass Valley Kayak video production switcher. The central infrastructure of the new channel also relies upon Grass Valley technologies, including Maestro master control switching. Maasranga Television began test transmissions from its new center in Dhaka on Oct. 10. Maasranga TV started broadcasting on July 30, 2011 through an hour inaugural show.Maasranga TV will be the first television state that will broadcast in High Definition television, 3G format. #Achievement in these two years Maasranga TV became champions in the Pepsi-DRU Media Cup cricket tournament beating The Daily Star by 33 runs in the final at the Maulana Bhasani National Hockey Stadium on 21/11/2011. Minister for Information and Cultural Affairs Abul Kalam Azad witnessed the final and distributed prizes among the teams. Objective or purpose of the study: Firstly, we like to mention that, we are preparing this report as our Teacher influenced us to do this. There are others purpose to do the report those are given below———– * To find out the problem they are facing as a new TV channel. To find out who are the competitors of the channel & who are the customers. * In this report, we are trying to focus the whole position & Activity of the channel. Meth odology: We used both primary and secondary data to prepare this report. We visit Maasranga TV channel office and there by the marketing executive provide some information. As they are new in the market and they cannot provided much information in the web site, so we cannot find huge information in the web site about them. Based on this little information we are trying to complete the report. Limitation or barriers to complete this report: We were face many problem to complete the report those are highlighting below –When we visit Maasranga TV we meet there marketing manager he give us some information but some of the information he want to provide through e-mail. We told him that it would be ok. We contract with him several times and every time he tries to convince us, that he will send the e-mail. However, he sends the e-mail six days before of submission date of the report. As the channel is new and they are very busy in maintenances (As they inform us through the e-mail) they cannot uploaded much information about their channel, so we faced trouble in finding information on the web site. Body of the Report Overview of the company (Product or Service): As the marketing executive said that, they sell duration, which they called â€Å"Time Product. Especially they receive money to telecast an advertisement. They charged money based on how long the advertisement will telecast. They charged at least 25000? -30000? for an advertisement that will telecast for thirty seconds. At the very beginning some advertisement agency were strongly disagree, they suggest them as they are new they need to decrease the price. However, when they hear that â€Å"Maasranga† is the first HD channel in Bangladesh they were ready to pay money as the channel demand for an advertisement. Environment of the firm (External & Internal): Division of the channel environment is showing below through a chart—– [pic] Discussion about the above components are given below—External Environment (General): Economics: When we try to know about their economic dimensions, they informed that it is highly confidential or top secret. They were not ready to share anything about daily expenditure, profit etc. related to economy. Technological: They are using the latest HD technology to telecast program. They use digital video camera and many other latest and high technology. Political: The ministry of information and technology has emphasized to develop the principles of telecasting our cultural values, history and the significant measures of our nation that are helpful to enlighten our image to the world itself. External Environment (Task):Competitors: As they are new in the market, so they have to compete with many channels like ATN Bangla, Channel I, Bangla Vision, Baisakhi and many other channels of Bangladesh. Customers: All aged group. â€Å"Maasranga† telecast different types of programs in different times as example they telecast car toon on every Sunday and Monday for children. Suppliers: There main suppliers are those who supplies information to them as an example they mention one name who supplies information, is â€Å"Sirius. † Regulators: This Organization is a member or part of Square group. They mention that â€Å"Square group† works as the regulators. Internal Environment: Owners: The owner of the channel is â€Å"Square group† Board of directors: |Chairman |Shamson H.Chowdhury | |Managing Director |Aanjan Chowdhury | |CEO |Syed Fahim Munaim | |Executive Director |Ajoy Kumar Kundu | Employees: Near about four hundred people are working in the channel. Major competitors of the firm: There are many satellite channels in Bangladesh; â€Å"Maasranga† is not the first one so they have many competitors, their major competitors are Bijoy TV, G TV, My TV, Mohona TV- as they are also newly launched TV channels in Bangladesh. There are many other giant competitors of â€Å"Maasrangaâ⠂¬  like ATN Bangla, Channel I, Bangla vision, Diganta TV and many more – as they are very famous TV channels in Bangladesh. Environmental turbulence: (Recent problem) 0 July 2011 the channel is started officially so they passed near five months (Until the submission date 08/12/2011) after starting, so the every single problem faced by them is â€Å"recent problem† for them. They did not mention any problem specifically. They mention that, this topic is very secret. They only talked about that, there employees working very hard to solve the entire problem. Major uniqueness of the channel: The HD technology differ them from other channels. SWOT Analysis: |Strengths |Weakness | | |New in the marked. | |Strong and experienced management. | | |Not much popular. | |First HD channel in Bangladesh. | | | |Cannot create much awareness among people. | |High quality picture. | | | |Lake of well-trained employee. | |Quality full program. | | | |Lake of information sour ce. |Telecasts programs in time. | | | |High investment to competing with the competitor. | |Took short breaks in programs. | | |Opportunities |Threats | | | | |Can be launched a new program. |Hard competition in the market. | | | |Experienced in using high technology. |Political instability in the country. | | | | |HD technology will increase their demand. |Profit will low then investment. | | | | | |Big threat for them, that they are new. | Concluding PartConclusion: By analyzing the whole report we can say that, the firm or channel are facings many problems as they are new. In addition, their main strength is that, they are using high technology. To peak up the channel they must be choosy in selecting employee, program etc. Findings: From the overall report we can find that, the main problem is awareness. Awareness among people is very important for them. To compete with the competitors they must create awareness among people. Recommendation: †¢ They must select quality full programs. †¢ They must select hard working employee. †¢ They must telecast those programs, which will acceptable for all aged people. Take part in some social work to get emotional benefits. †¢ Choose good presenter and try to telecast true news. Appendix: We provide a soft copy of the report through a CD. That will help you to judge the report. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic][pic] ———————– |Competitors | |Customers | |Suppliers | |Regulators | Task |Economics | |Technological | |Political | General |Owners | |Board of directors | |Employees | Internal External Environment ———————– 1

Movie: Film and Book

Nowadays, when many good novels are turned into good films, it can be tricky to decide which to enjoy first, the book or the film based on it. Reading the book is an intimate experience that can challenge your mind and tickle your heart. But watching the film is often more convenient, especially if you don't have much time. Not to mention that you get to see beautiful scenery and often a fine leg and some nudity as well. † During summer vacation, I read the book the hunger games.It was a great book. The details were so well put together. In my opinion the movie was Just plain awful, I didn't think it went well with the book. The book gives you more a visual look at it. The movie Just made it seem more spasmodic then it should have. What I comprehended from the book, Catkins Evergreen, the main character, was strong and fiery. When she went into battle, she knew exactly what she was fighting for. Catkins sometimes was in some muddle situations.The dilemma was, that she had to su rvive the hunger games or die. Catkins survived along with PETA. What I comprehended from the movie, minors dying along with adults or teenagers. It made it seem like an awful environment to live in. It seems that everyone in the society was admonishing each other. Sometimes I like the movie better than the book. In this case, I liked more the book then the movie. But In my opinion, read the book first and then watch the movie.

Tarrifs and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tarrifs and Trade - Essay Example Thus, the overall effect of a tariff implemented by a small nation must reduce the national welfare (Nunn & Trefler, 2010). Thus, whenever a small country will implement the tariff, the national welfare is bound to fall, and the higher the tariff will be set, the more the loss will be experienced and consumers will lose as government recipients and producers spending gain. In a large country, consumers of the good suffer from the price increase, as the producers will experience a well-being increase from the tariff. Thus, the tariff net effect is composed of three major results that are a negative distortion in production, positive trade effect terms as well as a negative consumption distortion. Thus, there are both positive and negative elements as the effect can be either negative or positive. However, the overall result is that it can be positive implying that a tariff that is implemented by a large nation may increase the national welfare (Debaere & Mostashari, 2010). Unlike quotas, tariffs are important as they generate the government some revenue. The US according to statistics collects over 20 billion a year from revenue from tariff that could be lost with quotas (Motoshige Itoh & Yoshiyasu Ono, 1982). Another reason is that quotas may result in administrative corruption. Tariffs provide customs officials with authority and power providing access to favored organizations and denying the lesser-favored ones as opposed to import quotas. Moreover, import quotas have a high probability of causing smuggling especially when set at unreasonable values (Grant, Hertel, & Rutherford, 2009). A strong dollar is good while, on the other hand, weak is bad. As the generalization sounds simple, it is very different and confusing when it comes to the dollar. A strong dollar is very strong when compared to other foreign currency, and the vice-versa is

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Trade - Essay Example The trade is carried out to share the product or service which is very unique to the region and which has more economical price tag. The best example would be the electronics products from Korea or china are cheaper and efficient than the same products manufactured in the US. So, a trade opportunity between national regions provides an opportunity to explore the share the richness of the other region. The gulf countries exchange oil for the food and other essential commodities with other countries to feed their population and in return supply them with the abundant resources of oil. The proportionality relation depends on the kind of product in offer. An agriculture product like rice in future may be in demand as the supply has declined due to the decrement in the production. The demand is in terms of trade opportunities and the production is in terms of the output. According to world trade organizations statistics, over the period of 50 years after 1947 the volume of world trade increased at an annual rate of slightly more than 6 per cent and world output by close to 4 per cent. The changing character of the demand for the finished goods has been increased in developing countries like India. The low production hubs which were supplying the raw materials for the industries in developed countries has smelled the taste of their natural resources and started to be indigenous in developing their own custom made goods. There was sudden raise of talented lot in the developing countries. The countries which were initially the hubs for supplying the raw resources started providing the human knowledge factor with the skilled labor immigration to developed countries. The developing countries political systems were fine tuned to suite the regional market for the other nationalities for investing, thus providing a platform for the foreign direct investments to pour in to

Finding George Orwell in Burma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finding George Orwell in Burma - Assignment Example Moreover, while using the social media, the youths should be encouraged to use strong passwords which can be easily hacked by third party members. You should make main stream media and advertising channels your base for distribution. Most audiences using P2P networks often avoid the use of such kind of channels and by using them to advertise hot topics like trending movies and TV series, they are forced to constantly check their social media tools for updates on what is trending (Becker, 2008). You should run social media ads along P2P sites as youth audiences browsing through such sites will come along them and if the social media are good, they will be forced to shift to social media sites for more details hence promoting the a relationship between social media and the P2P networks. To achieve a return on investment in youths assessing P2P channels through social media, you are required to strategize on your digital marketing campaigns. This will you to be efficient and effective on your media and marketing experience as you wills have to increase traffic of P2P channels on social media platforms by delivering appropriate messages which are aimed at targeting the youth. You should be knowledgeable on trending topics concerning the youths like hot music selling and apply sound methodologies to measure the amount of initiative applied to attract audiences through social platforms like face book or twitter (Becker, 2008). You should apply the social media in developing metrics or marketing analytics to better manage the campaigns and communication channels of P2P channels. This you can achieve through using social media ads appropriately to promote transparency of processes and channels available on P2P channels. You should also ensure that the social media guarantees for the security of audiences using P2P channels. Since there are fears that the social media holds private and personal information about individuals, the youths can be

SOCIOLOGY OF CRIME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

SOCIOLOGY OF CRIME - Essay Example It can be of various forms such as sexual abuse, threats of violence, physical violence or intimidation. In Australia, domestic violence occurs in all cultural groups though it is mostly felt in regional and rural Australia. In 2005 for example 36 percent of women were reported to have experienced physical assault, 21 women had experienced sexual assault from ex-partners. The percentage of women experiencing physical assault from current partners was reported to be 38 percent (LaFree and Katheryn, 1993. This act denies equality, security, self-worth and dignity to both women and girls. Though societies proscribe violations against women, the truth is that these violations are mostly authorised by cultural practices and norms or in some cases misinterpreting religious tenets. In addition, when these violations occur at home, as is the case, the act is condoned by tactic silence and the passivity from law enforcers. This study looks at the domestic violence occurring in Australia in reference to two theories which include social learning theory and feminist and critical race theory their strengths and weaknesses and how they are applied in our day to day life. Social learning theory enables people to learn new behaviours through punishments or observation learning of social factors of a society. If communities observe positive and desired behaviours, then other people will be able to imitate them and adopt the good behaviours. This theory states that social learning occurs through four stages of imitation. These include; close contacts, understanding concept, role model and imitating superiors. The parts can be summarised as observing the acts, imitating them and using reinforcements to instil those behaviours. Julia Rooter, a socialist suggested that behaviour effect has an impact on people’s motivation to engage in specific behaviours. This shows that behaviour is influenced by environmental factors and not only psychological factors.

Edgar Allan Poes message on life and death Research Paper

Edgar Allan Poes message on life and death - Research Paper Example Among the literary figures who tried to analyse these two terms, Edgar Alan Poe stands apart from the common category. His perspectives on these two terms were the contributions of the great man’s experience with his life. He has not clearly stated his perspectives directly about life and death, but the works and characters display the way he viewed both life and death. According to Harold Bloom, Poe’s life â€Å"presents almost as much mystery, drama, melancholy, and in some cases fiction as his tales and poems do† and one can also find that â€Å"Poe’s personal image is closely associated with many of the characters and imagery contained in his works: dark, gloomy, half –mad (Bloom 5). In most of his works, the characters show the true replica of Edgar Allan Poe’s own ideas regarding life and death. The narrator in the poem, The Raven, is believed to be Poe himself. The personal experiences of Poe from his early child hood to the adulthood are reflected in his works. Almost all his works are filled with the element of melancholy and disillusionment in it as he had witnessed in his life. In his essay, The Philosophy of Composition, he states, â€Å"Beauty of whatever kind, in its supreme development, invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones† ("The Philosophy of Composition": Edgar Allan Poe (1809?1849) 3). His works are a combination of the twin aspects- life and death. It can be seen that the attitude of Poe towards life was something pessimistic. This paper analyses Poe’s perspectives on life and death as shown by his characters in various works. For this, some of his important works are taken into consideration, to elucidate how much these aspects- life and death, are portrayed in his works. Life sketch of Edgar Allan Poe and the making up of the philosophy: The experiences that one receives from one’s personal life create an influence on one’s own perspectives. It was true with the case of Poe. The background of Poe was very dismal from his early child hood. He was born on January 19, 1809. In his short span of life (40 years) he had gone through all sorts of struggles and his personal life was a series of tragedies. Being orphaned at the very small age due to the death of his mother and the desertion of his father, he was entrusted with the care of John Frances Allan. The name, Allan he took from his care taker. His step father and step mother could not soothe the young Poe in his agonies. The antagonistic attitudes that developed between his step father and Edgar made their relationship become very uncomfortable. As a result, young Edgar had to struggle a lot to earn money. The futile studentship due to lack of money in the University of Virginia was another hit in his life. Even though he succeeded to become a soldier at the end the undesired incident could make its effect in his life. He h ad some kind of attachment to Mrs. Allan, his step mother. The death of his step mother also contributed to his peculiar character and thereby constructed a philosophy of dark comedy in his works. He had to part with the Allans as the struggle between the two increased, and he moved towards the outside world and tried to get foot in his literary career. The experiences that he acquired from working in various journals and periodicals paved the way for his literary career. The movements he had made far and across the places had also made an influencing effect to picture his philosophy in his works. In considering his very personal life many ill-fated sequences can be seen. His first courtship with Sarah Elmira Royster was a failure. When he wooed his 13 year old cousin Virginia Clemmm, he was faced

Prop13, 98 Serrano vs. Priest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Prop13, 98 Serrano vs. Priest - Essay Example Serrano vs. Priest ruling called for an equalization of the rates at which the property was taxed and the expenditure incurred per pupil. Serrano vs. Priest highlighted the pressing educational issues of its times like the impact of the class differences and racial discrimination on the fundamentality of public education (Regalia). This ruling came down heavily on the instances of tax-base disparities translating into inequities in the educational expenditures per pupil in different neighborhoods (Regalia). There is no denying the fact that pragmatically speaking, this ruling has failed to achieve its objectives. However, this decision certainly laid down the fundamental principles that were to guide the quest for educational equity in the state. Precisely speaking, it invalidated the educational inequities emanating from class and race differences and ushered in the principle of justice in the education system. Prop 13 is primarily a tax law that was voted on and passed by nearly 65 percent of the voters in California in 1978. Prop 13 reduced the tax accruals to the state by 57 percent (authorSTREAM). This directly translated into a dire shrinkage in the tax revenues accessible to the school districts. Prop 13 reverted the property assessments back to the 1976 values and capped at no more then 1 percent of the property value (authorSTREAM). It set a limit on the valuation of property to be 2 percent per year, unless a property was sold (authorSTREAM). In case a property was sold, it was to be reassessed at its value at the time when it was sold, tagged to a 2 percent tax cap (authorSTREAM). Prop 13 required all the state taxes to be ratified by a two-thirds majority in the legislature and all the local taxes by a two-thirds majority of the people (authorSTREAM). Prop 13 jeopardized the education system in California by subjecting it to neo liberalist economic values and relatively conservative social

Patriotism in War Films Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Patriotism in War Films - Research Paper Example A flower seller, a nurse, a sales man, doctor or teacher all can be patriots if they obey the laws designed by the government of that country. However, patriotism does not mean to stand by the president or other government official if their plans for the government are against the rights of the country. A country is formed from the people residing in it therefore love for one’s country automatically leads to the love for the citizens of that country. When there is love between the citizens and they stand united to protect the rights of each other against the evil eyes on them, such countries succeed because of the will power to fight for themselves and for their country. Ways to Awaken Patriotism in a Person There are various ways to awaken the feeling of patriotism in a person. Some of those ways are through patriotic movies, novels or documentaries. Another way could be to celebrate the events when important steps or actions were taken to protect the country’s territo ries from intruders or for instance when the country achieved independence after fighting vigorously for it and losing a lot of precious lives. These events can take place in schools and publicly to inform and teach the youth about the sacrifices people had given for their country and to remind the elders of the difficult situations the country had to face when they were young. Patriotic movies can very beautifully play the role of increasing or developing patriotism. Such movies are based on war against enemy countries and involve the army, navy or the air force. Movies present close resemblance to the events which occur in wars at the border front and allow the audience to experience it with their eyes what it is like to be on the border front. The audience feels as if they are present in that situation or wish to be present with the military officers to play their part in preserving the honor of the country. Patriotic war films encourage the youth to enroll in the military becaus e the youngsters are very enthusiastic about their country. They believe what they see. In patriotic war films they get inspired by the personality of the officers and soldiers. The discipline portrayed by them inspires the youngsters and the aged alike so much that one just wants to stand up for them and salute them even though they are just actors portraying the character of the real heroes, the heroes who leave their families and safe boundaries of their houses to secure the future of their people and the next generation to come. The only way to be a true patriot is by being sincere with the country. The citizens must keep their personal interests behind and be more concerned about the demands of the country. A country is a home land; it is not just a piece of land with a collection of mountains, rivers and valleys. A country is a heritage of one’s dreams, aspirations, culture, traditions and religion. A country provides a platform for fulfilling one’s dreams and ho pes for the future. So horrifying is the image of someone not having a nationality, no country to call their own; where ever that person will go people will see him as an intruder; that person will not be loyal to any country he visits because he would be like a traveler without a home. The love for home cannot be compared to anything in the world. Patriotism is an active virtue. A true patriot, who loves his country dearly, will

Arabic language in Qatar university Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arabic language in Qatar university - Article Example abic in Qatar University will help in ensuring that students of business and other professionals will learn Arabic language and in turn it will motivate organizations to once again adopt Arabic as their official language. Another benefit of adoption of Arabic language in Qatar University is that the foreign students who study in Qatar University will even learn how to communicate in Arabic language and this will help them in pursuing a career in Qatar and other Arab based organizations in which Arabic is the official language. For example, Qatar is supposed to be the host of the World Cup during the year of 2022 and this is attracting various foreigners to apply and obtain for employment in Qatar (Bryant 1). In order to gain employment in Qatar and work as a team with the natives of Qatar, these individuals will be requiring learning Arabic. In order to learn Arabic they can gain admission in Qatar University which has adopted Arabic as the language for instructions. A third reason d ue to which it is beneficial to adopt Arabic as language for instructions in Qatar University is that this will encourage more Qatar based students to obtain admission in Qatar University. Due to this, they will find it easier to gain admission by passing tests that are in Arabic language. Many students in Qatar fail to obtain admission in Qatar University because the admission tests used to be administered in English Language. This is one of the reasons why there is only 1 native Qatar student in Qatar University for every 8 foreign students (Quartz 1). According to a study conducted by Ellili-Cherif et al. Qatari students fail to gain admission in Qatar University because the fail to exhibit the English proficiency required gaining admission in Qatar University (Ellili-Cherif 207). On one end there are several advantages of adopting Arabic language as the language for instructions in Qatar University, but at the same times several disadvantage of this measure even exist. One of the

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay Example for Free

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay Psychology itself attempts to define people’s behavior through aspects of the human minds ability to process information and stimulants. The diversity of psychology is very evident within the many different branches of the American Psychological Association, each addressing a unique perspective within psychology of understanding human behavior (Plante, 2011). This diversity within psychology, allows psychologists the ability to expand in all areas of explanation, assessment, and diagnoses, which furthers the science of psychology through many different subfield specialties. This paper will discuss the subfields of psychology, the importance of diversity, and the practical applications of psychological principles. The Impact of Diversity in Psychology Each of the major concepts within psychology emphasizes different parts of human behavior, such as the cognitive, social, spiritual, and unconscious factors, which contribute to a person’s behavior. One main defining feature of psychology is that it is a data based scientific study of behavior, in which each step of research used to procure knowledge has contributed to advancements in the development of sound theories within psychology. Three important features related to the science of psychology include the use of systematic empiricism, the production of public awareness, and the examination of problems (Plante, 2011). Psychology attempts to understand and explain psychological phenomenon using empirical techniques to advance scientifically. As the study of psychology progresses, it has further advanced into a diverse field. Subfields within Psychology Some of the major divisions of psychology include clinical psychology, psychotherapy, forensic psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, and environmental psychology. These major fields of psychology then branch off into subfields within psychology. One such example is Abnormal Psychology, which derives itself from roots in psychotherapy, clinical psychology and even neuroscience. Abnormal psychology studies abnormal behavior and psychopathology and emphasizes the research and treatment of mental disorders (Plante, 2011). Within Abnormal psychology there are further subtopics such as each individual mental illness and their implications on behavior, in addition to treatments for such disorders, illnesses and diseases which could also vary based on subtopic. Another good example of a subfield within psychology is Lifespan Development, which derives its roots from developmental psychology, the nature vs nurture psychological debate and behavioral psychology. Lifespan Development devotes it’s time to studying the effects of childhood development on human growth and the lifespan of an individual and their experiences. Lifespan development aids in the popular ideas of raising children and disciplining unruly teens. In addition Lifespan Development seeks to understand and justify adult behavior based on childhood experiences, and then retrain the adult to more practical behavioral practices. This type of theory can be applied in contemporary society through detention and juvenile delinquent facilities (Landrum Davis, 2010). Conclusion Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The discipline is divided into a variety of subfields, each focusing on specific areas of psychological functioning. The diversity of the discipline allows psychologists a broader array of speculation to advance in areas of understanding, prediction, explanation, and intervention measures. Psychological principles can be applied to a wide variety of human functioning including clinical diagnosis, personality measures, legal operations, phobia treatments, and many more. The discipline of psychology focuses on behavior and mental processes advancing the field with scientific techniques to help optimize the lives of others. The diverse character of the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral perspectives exemplifies the distinct nature of psychological perspectives, although both support the unifying goal of psychology to improve the quality of life for people and resolve human conflict. Although viewpoints and perspectives in the science of psychology sometimes appear different in nature, each attempts to address disease and disorder from its distinct scientific point of reference. Each perspective addresses human behavior from a distinct viewpoint, although none is an all-encompassing. Diversity permeates the major perspectives in psychology as well as their divisions and subtopics, which affects other disciplines as well as secular and popular thought. Abnormal psychology and lifespan development affect thought in education and neuroscience as well as other disciplines and fields of psychology (Plante, 2011).

Diabetes Mellitus in the emergency services

Diabetes Mellitus in the emergency services Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical issues affecting people today. There are two types of diabetes. The first is type one, it is often referred to as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. Patients with this type of diabetes are often diagnosed with the disorder early in life but in rare occasions it can be diagnosed as late as forty years of age. People with type one diabetes make up between ten and twenty percent of all diabetics. Men are also more common to be diagnosed with type one diabetes. While it is not fully known why people develop diabetes it is know that it is a genetic disorder and can be passed down from generation to generation. People with siblings with this disorder increase there chance of developing type one diabetes by six percent. The reason it is often called insulin dependent diabetes is because the body does not form any insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas, so there for the patient need to take daily insulin shots to keep the ir blood sugar low. Type two diabetes is often referred to as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes and make up the remaining eighty to ninety percent of diabetics. Patients with this form of the disorder often do have some type of insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas but just do not produce enough to maintain in their body. Also in some cases the patients develops a type of insulin resistance where their body does not use the insulin that in naturally produced by their body correctly or efficiently. In most cases this type of diabetes can be controlled by a strict diet or use of oral medications. The diet of a patient with type two diabetes often includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products. Patients with type two diabetes what to avoid high amounts of sugars, trans-fats and sodium. When a patient eats large amounts of calories and fat, their body then causes a spike in their blood glucose level. Type two diabetes can sometim es also be reversed with exercise to lose excess weight. People with family members with type two diabetes have a ten to fifteen percent increased risk of developing this disorder. Two types of issues arise with diabetes. Sometimes the patients blood glucose level is too high and sometimes it is too high. When it is too low it is call hypoglycemia. A patient is usually determined to be suffering from hypoglycemia when their blood glucose level is below 60mg/dL. When the body is in a state of hypoglycemia the body automatically slows insulin production and increases glucagon production by alpha cells. Often times hypoglycemia in both type one and type to diabetics is due to over medication of injected insulin. It can also be caused by exercise, malnutrition and alcohol consumption. Over time the pancreases ability to produce glucagon is sometimes decreased making it harder to raise blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia. When a patient has a high blood glucose level it is called hyperglycemia. A patient is usually considered hyperglycemic if their blood glucose level is above 300 mg/dL. Hyperglycemia occurs because the body is unable to produce insulin to prom ote uptake of glucose from the cells. There are two sub-types of hyperglycemia. The first is diabetic ketoacidosis or DKA. This type of hyperglycemia is most often found in patients with type one diabetes because DKA occurs when there is little or no insulin in the body causing the blood glucose level to soar. It can be caused by untreated type one diabetes or excess glycogen production due to stress. Patients in DKA often present with a blood glucose level above 350mg/dL. Due to the lack of insulin the body then uses fats as metabolic fuels and ketoacidosis is developed. The other type of hyperglycemia is called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. This occurs most often in patients with type two diabetes. Because patients with type two diabetes still produce some insulin, unlike in DKA the body is still able to move sugar into the cells and not have to use the fatty tissue from the body. Patients experiencing hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma usually have blood glu cose levels of 600 and above. Diabetes has a large impact on pre hospital emergency medicine because often when people are having hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic emergencies paramedics are the first to treat these patients. Sometimes when paramedics are dispatched to these calls the caller may not know what is exactly wrong with the patient. Patients in a hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic crisis may present in a variety of ways. The key with these kinds of patients is to keep a high index of suspicion. Like previously stated patients having diabetic issues may present in a variety of ways. Patients suffering from hypoglycemia will often present with hunger, nausea and weakness. Due to poor cardiac output of the body the patient will often present with a rapid and weak pulse. The patient will also present with seizures or small twitches. Lastly the most common symptom is altered mental status. The patient can present in total unconsciousness, drowsiness, confusion or even aggravated and violent. Change in mental status usually comes with a quick onset because once the body is insulin deprived the brain is the first body structure to suffer because the brain uses glucose as an energy source. When the patient present with the altered mental status it can mimic many other conditions. The patient can look as if he or she is intoxicated because of their lack of coordination and aggravated attitude. They are sometimes so combative that it may be difficult to effectively assess them. Hypog lycemia can also mimic a stroke. Due to its effect on the nervous system the patient may present with weakness on one side for no apparent reason. Lastly the patient may present like a person experiencing epileptic seizures. The seizures are also a result of the brains lack of glucose. These seizures can be all types; they can be full body grand maul seizures or partial seizures that only affect certain parts of the body. It is very important that paramedics indentify that these symptoms are underlying symptoms of hypoglycemia and treat the true problem correctly. Patients who are experiencing hyperglycemia have some similar symptoms to hypoglycemia but also distinguishing symptoms that are different. One of the distinguishing groups of symptoms is the polys. These symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. Polyuria is defined as excess urination, polydipsia is extreme thirst and lastly polyphagia is the feeling of extreme hunger. Like patients experiencing hypoglycemia these patients will present with tachycardia and altered LOC. One symptom that is specific to DKA is kussmaul respirations with fruity smell to their breath. This type of breathing is when the patient had rapid and deep respirations. The reason for this is because the body is breaking down fats due to the lack of insulin the body enters into a state of metabolic acidosis. The deep respirations is the bodys way to blow off carbon dioxide to make the body more alkolidic and return the bodys pH level to normal. The patient will also present with a fruity smell on their breath when experiencing DKA. This is due to the ketones being broken down in the body. HHNCs only distinguishing factor is the lack of kussmaul respirations and the fruity breath odor. Many social and ethical issue can and do arise when treating patients with this condition. One social issue is that this problem occurs quite often with homeless and improvised persons. This is because they are often not able to get the proper medications and also not eat proper meals to keep their blood sugar at a normal level. Also these types of patients are sometimes known to drink alcohol and skip out on meals. The combination of malnutrition and alcohol consumption will cause diabetes to worsen significantly. One social and ethical issue is seeing through the symptoms that sometimes indicate other medical problems and determining that the patient is suffering from a diabetic emergency. Patients sometimes present identically to how a person who is severely intoxicated would. These patients can often be rude and violent. It could be very easy to mistake a hypoglycemic patient with an intoxicated individual and have the police transport them to the jail without ever obtaining a BG L check to determine the true problem. This mistake could cause the patient further internally injury and even death. The key with these types of patients is to keep a high index of suspicion. Lastly a common ethical issue is when to let these types of patients refuse care. Often times EMS will arrive and treat the patients symptoms and bring them back to their normal state of consciousness. For many patients it is not the first time the rescue squad has had to respond to their home to reverse their hypoglycemia and do not see a need to go the hospital. The paramedic should try to convince the patient that they should go to the hospital and explain to them the risks of refusing care, but if they still refuse and are alert and oriented the paramedic needs to respect their decision to refuse care and document the event accordingly. One positive thing about encountering a patient with hypoglycemia prehospitaly is that this issue is usually easily reversed. When treating hypoglycemia you want to first asses the patients Airway, breathing and circulation. Patients in hypoglycemia may have decreased respirations so assisting ventilation with a BMV may be necessary. If the patient is breathing at a normal rate they should have oxygen administer to them via a nasal canula or non-rebreather to combat hypoxia. Once ABCs are taken care a blood glucose reading needs to be obtained from the patients finger to confirm that the patient is indeed experiencing hypoglycemia. If the patients BGL is below 60mg/dL first consider 15-30g of oral glucose to be administered only if the patient is conscious and is able to swallow. If IV access can be obtained then 25g of D50 should be administered via IV or IO. If IV access cannot be obtained 1mg of glucagon should be administered IM. The patient should also be hooked up to cardiac mo nitor to rule out cardiac dysrhythmias. In the case of a patient experiencing hyperglycemia first asses the patients Airway, breathing and circulation. Patients in hyperglycemia may have decreased respirations so assisting ventilation with a BMV may be necessary. If the patient is breathing at a normal rate they should have oxygen administer to them via a nasal canula or non-rebreather to combat hypoxia. Once ABCs are taken care a blood glucose reading needs to be obtained from the patients finger to confirm that the patient is indeed experiencing hyperglycemia. If the patient is found to be experiencing hyperglycemia with a BGL of 300mg/dL attempt to obtain IV access and admitter a 250ml/hr fluid bolus with normal saline. This will help combat dehydration associated with hyperglycemia and help thin out the glucose enriched blood. In conclusion diabetes is a true medical emergency. It should be taken very seriously but can often be treated effectively in a pre-hospital setting. Paramedics need to keep a high index of suspicion to make sure they do not misdiagnose patients that are actually having diabetic emergencies.

Analysing strategic business decisions in us cereal industry

Analysing strategic business decisions in us cereal industry The purpose of this essay is to use game theory and barriers to entry to analyse strategic business decisions in the US ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry. An industry analysis was done using different published journals. An overview of the oligopoly industry was also done for a broader understanding of the ready-to-eat breakfast cereals industry. Bertrand competition was used as the oligopoly model adopted by the industry. Game theory was used to analyse the strategy firms in the industry will adopt and a discussion on barriers to entry as it applies to the industry was done. Introduction This essay will discuss the US ready-to-eat breakfast cereals industry. An overview of oligopoly, discussions on Game theory, Nash equilibrium, Bertrand Price Competition and Barriers to Entry will be used to analyse the industry and the strategic business decisions as they relate to the industry Analysis of the Ready-to-eat Breakfast Cereals Industry Connor (1999) described the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry as a capital intensive industry requiring huge capital investments in production plants. To a large extent, this has contributed to Barriers to Entry in the industry. This industry market structure though having quite a few number of suppliers, is dominated by four major companies which are Kellogg Company, General Mills, Quaker Oats and Kraft. According to Nevo (2000) these companies have consistently continued to post high profits in comparison with the other food industries. A key characteristic feature of this industry is product differentiation. Brand specific knowhow is apparently present since established firms are sometimes unable to duplicate each others brand. The existence of this however, does not prevent them from producing, promoting and distributing successful new brands. Existing brands differ in such potentially relevant dimensions as sweetness, protein content, shape, grain base, vitamin content, fibre content and crunchiness (Schmalnesee, 1978) Connor (1999) has argued that competition in this industry does not involve the use of price war and therefore not a competitive strategy. Different researches conducted on the industry have shown that there is a level of collusion amongst the top firms though not openly done. This assumption was made popular by a case of anticompetitive complaint by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission against the top three manufacturers Kellogg, general Mills Post in the 1970s (Aviv Nevo, 2000) Because of the absence of price wars in the industry, the use of other non-price strategies to gain competitive advantage are employed by firms in this industry. The consistency of zero price wars over the years, however was broken when in the late nineties, a price reduction by Kraft led the other big three Kellogg Company, General Mills and Quaker oats to respond by also reducing their prices as suggested by ( Nevo, 2000). This pricing strategy by Kraft significantly affected the overall industry price forci ng its competitors to reduce their prices as well. Innovation through the launch of new products and aggressive media advertising are strategies employed by firms in the ready-to-eat cereals industry to compete for market share. This is a major factor contributing to the consistent high profits in the industry. The result of Connors (1999) research revealed that the rivalry in the breakfast cereals industry tends towards the choreographed grunts of televised wrestling than a cutthroat dual to the death and that the ultimate weapon, steep price cuts, is rarely unsheathed. According to Connor (1999), media advertising and new product introductions are intimately related. New product introductions are one of the principal mechanisms for effecting rapid price increases in the breakfast cereals industry. His research revealed that all the new cereals introduced by the big four companies between 1981 and 1987 in the first year of sales, were priced 12% above the companys existing brands average prices. Connor (1999) in his research further showed that the extraordinary attachment of consumers to branded cereals (or at least to the boxes they come in) has made entry by private-label products extremely difficult. This high degree of brand loyalty in the industry has significantly posed a threat to any firm considering entry into the industry. Invariably, the more a firms brand is recognised, the higher the sale of a newly introduced cereal will be. The cereal industry has oligopolistic tendencies and characteristics and will be classified as one. An overview on oligopoly below highlights the characteristic nature of oligopoly. Overview of Oligopoly Lipsey + Chrystal (1999) defined oligopoly as the theory of imperfect competition among the few. The industry is characterised by a few firms selling differentiated products. Because there are only few firms, each firm realises that its competitor may respond to any move it makes and takes that into account because each firms decision affects the other firms in the industry. Earl and Wakeley (2005) described firms in the Imperfect competition as having differentiated products which are close substitutes. These differentiated products are supported heavily by advertising. Advertising tends to persuade consumers to patronise a particular brand over other brands of the other competitors. Advertising is used as a crucial weapon to create brand loyalty in the industry as consumers are assumed to be highly mobile. The existence of strong brand loyalty makes entry difficult because consumers are likely to have strong preferences for the already existing brands. This implies that the behaviour of oligopolists are strategic with each firm taking explicit account of the impact of their decisions on competitors and the expected reactions from them (Lipsey + Chrystal, 1999, page 176). Besanko et al (2004) also defined oligopoly as a market in which the actions of individual firms materially affect the industry price level. The strategic behaviour of oligopolists is attributed to the highly competitive nature of the industry. For these firms to make strategic decisions that can give them comparative advantage, they make use of oligopoly models and game theory (Besanko et al, 2004). Game Theory and Bertrand Price Competition Besanko et al (2004) defined Game theory as the branch of Economics that deals with the analysis of optimal decision making when all decision makers are presumed to be rational and each is attempting to anticipate the actions and reactions of its competitors (Besanko et al, 2004, page 36) Game theory is a strategic business decision making tool in areas such as pricing and capacity expansion. Bertrand Price competition Model Besanko et al (2004) has described Bertrand competition as a model of competition in which each firm selects a price to maximize its profit given the price that it anticipates its competitor will select. Each firm views its competitors price as fixed and believes that its own pricing practices will not affect the pricing of the competitor. In an oligopolistic industry with differentiated products, price competition is usually mild. When products are differentiated, a firm will not lose all of its business to competitors that embark on a price cut. This is majorly attributed to competition being based on a variety of product parameters such as its quality, availability and advertising. The US ready-to-eat- breakfast cereal industry like all oligopolistic industries is highly competitive. The strategy of each firm will be to maximize profits and outputs given its rivals strategy. To use game theory to analyse what choice is best for a firm at any given point, two companies will be used; Kellogg Company and General Mills as they are one of the top four and are each others competitors. Game theory and Nash equilibrium will be used to analyse the best strategy for profit maximization given that each firm sets a price for its cereals. A Nash Equilibrium is the strategy combination where each player is doing its best given the strategies of its competitor. An assumption is made that each firm sets a price that maximises its profit and that a price cut by either of them to achieve a larger market share will impact their profits given the strong influence of brand loyalty. The consequences of each firms actions are described in the game matrix below; In the game above, the strategy (Co-operate, Co-operate) is both a Nash equilibrium and a dominant strategy because each firm maximises profit at this point. It is a Nash equilibrium because with the pay-off of ($120, $120) no firm will unilaterally want to deviate knowing that it will achieve a lower pay-off by doing so. Furthermore, co-operate strategy is a dominant strategy because no matter what the other firm chooses, to co-operate will always yield a higher pay-off. Barriers to Entry According to Earl and Wakeley (2005), barriers to entry exist when potential competitors find there are obstacles which hinder their proposed entry into an otherwise attractive industry. Typical barriers to entry include: incumbents owning all sources of essential raw materials; incumbents patents; economies of scale providing incumbents with a cost advantage; and incumbents past expenditure on advertising (which gives them a higher profile in the minds of buyers relative to newcomers). The important point to note about barriers to entry is that they protect all of the industrys incumbent firms from the threat posed by competition from outside of the industry As fierce as rivalries are and as highly competitive as the oligopolistic industry may be in nature, Lipsey + Chrystal (1999) stated that there are determining factors that make a few large firms dominate in the industry. According to Lipsey + Chrystal (1999), some of these factors are natural or structural, and some are firm-created or strategic. These same factors are deterrents to firms seeking entry into an oligopolistic industry. The natural/structural barriers as it applies to the cereal industry include economies of scale, cost of introduction of new brands and economies of scope, and marketing advantages of incumbency, while firm-created/strategic barriers include capacity expansion. Natural/Structural Barriers Economies of Scale According to Besanko et al (2004) production process for a specific product exhibits economies of scale over a range of output when the average cost drops over that range. Economies of scale exist when the unit cost of production declines as the quantity of output increases. When production becomes standardised and highly specialised, the concept of division of labour must be applied. Lipsey + Chrystal (1999) described division of labour as occurring when the production of a product is broken up into hundreds of simple, repetitive tasks. They further stated that the division of labour is, as Adam Smith observed long ago, dependent on the size of the market. If only a few units of products can be sold each day, there is no point in dividing its production into a number of specialised tasks. Lipsey + Chrystal (1999) further stated that larger firms have advantage in industries that have potentials for economies based on the division of labour because the larger the scale of production, the lower their average costs of production. Economies of scale also lead to minimum efficient scale. According to Besanko et al (2004) and Earl and Wakeley (2005) minimum efficient scale is the smallest level of output at which economies of scale cannot be sustained further. Minimum efficient scale can only be achieved in the long run. Based on this, it will be difficult for a firm considering entry to achieve MES because of the costly nature. The cereal industry is capital intensive and is dominated by a large few with the long years of existence. As a strategy to deter entry, the incumbent firms may decide to increase the quantity of output to further drive down their costs and achieve a higher rate of economies of scale. Because economies of scale are present in the industry, the incumbents average cost of production will be lower than that of a new entrant who will have difficulties trying to attain MES which can only be achievable in the long-run. Doing so will entail acquiri ng excess capacity and increasing production output which will both be costly and unprofitable as brand loyalty is extremely high in this industry. Costs of Introducing A New Product and Economies of Scope The cereal industry is categorised by the introduction of new brands. It will be difficult for a firm attempting entry to recover such costs in a short period of time bearing in mind that it will need to break even before making profits. Economies of scope are associated with lower cost scales derived from having multiple production lines within a plant. According to Besanko et al (2004) The ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry provides a good example. For several decades, the industry has been dominated by a few firms including Kellogg, General Mills, General Foods and Quaker Oats, and there has been virtually no new entry since World War II. There are economies of scope in producing and marketing cereals. Besank0 et al (2004) further explained that for an entry to be successful in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereals industry, the newcomer will need to introduce 6 to 12 successful brands. This requires heavy capital and makes entry a risky proposition. The introduction of new brands is associated with a high cost of advertising. An incumbent firm in the cereal industry can consistently employ the use of introduction of new cereals to deter further entry by new firms. It will not be as expensive for the incumbent firm to advertise its new cereal product as it will be for a new entrant because of the high brand loyalty in the industry and the economies of scope cost advantages. C) Marketing advantages of incumbency Umbrella branding has been described as a situation whereby a firm sells different products under the same brand name (Besanko et al, 2004). According to Besanko et al (2004), an incumbent firm can exploit the umbrella effect to offset uncertainty about the quality of a new product that is been introduced. The umbrella effect may also help the existing firm negotiate the vertical chain. Retailers are more likely to devote scarce warehousing and shelf spaces to the firms new products more than it would for a new entrant. Likewise, suppliers and distributors may be more willing to transact businesses with the incumbent firms more than the new entrant in the areas of credit sales and relationship-specific investments (Besanko et al, 2004). Incumbent firms in the cereals industry can use umbrella branding as a strategy to deter new entry or force new entrants out of the industry. Umbrella branding also has an effect on consumers. The possibility of a newly introduced brands been widely a ccepted by consumers is higher for firms enjoying umbrella branding than for new entrants. Umbrella branding has the ability to reduce uncertainties associated with the introduction of a new cereal brand. Furthermore, the development of close relationships by an incumbent firm with its vertical chain is another strategy for barriers to entry. Firm-Created/Strategic Barriers Capacity Expansion The incumbent firm may decide to embark on capacity expansion. A new entrant will find it difficult to match up its plant size with the plant size of existing firms and may incur losses at entry. With the expansion of capacity and increased sales, the incumbent will continue to enjoy economies of scale thereby forcing new entrants who are unable to achieve such low unit cost of production out of the industry as their average cost of production may consistently be higher than the market price of the cereal brands and the price. Conclusion The ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry is an oligopolistic industry requiring the firms to employ non-pricing strategies to maximize profits and sustain competitive advantage. Because the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry has natural barriers to entry, firms in this industry do not need to do much in the area of strategic barrier to entry to prevent of or force new entrants out of the market. However, the constant introduction of new cereals is crucial to earning higher profits.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Friend Richie, Richie, Richie†¦ I met Rich at freshman orientation at Lynchburg College in August, 1975. My freshman orientation packet said that I was to meet with my group at my assigned table in the dining hall. After getting my dinner, I found the right table and sat down across from another freshman. There was no one else at the table. I think it was fate. After what seemed like a couple of minutes, a conversation started. We talked about our hometowns. He told me that his family lived in Manassas, but that most of his life was spent in Naples, Italy. As you all know, he was very proud of his Italian heritage. He was very proud of his life, family, and friendships in Italy. After awhile in this conversation, I asked him if knew anything about school sports. â€Å"I would like to run cross country,† I said. Well with that question, there was much to talk about. It did not take too long to realize that while I enjoyed running, for him, it was his passion. Rich became my closest friend through college. Through that friendship I made other life-changing friendships that carry on today. He told me his happiest time in college was his senior year. That is when he met his wife Nonie. I remember their first date when Sandi Parker introduced them. Many times he would head over to Randolph-Macon Women’s College to see Nonie, or she would be headed to our campus to see him. Rich and I were roommates that year. Several years after college and living in North Carolina, I realized that I had no friends and a job I did not like. I was thinking of moving back home to the D.C. area. Rich and I talked often on the phone. At that point, he said, â€Å"Look, why don’t you try it out here.† I told him I had no money and no job prospects. He said, â€Å"Brad, you can stay here, sleep on the sofa. I will get us some paint jobs to help get you started.† So, Rich and Nonie graciously opened up their home. While I slept on the sofa, Andrew shared the â€Å"mamote† [remote]. A month later, I got a place to live and a full-time job. I do not know of many friends that would open their home up like that, but then that’s Rich. Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Friend Richie, Richie, Richie†¦ I met Rich at freshman orientation at Lynchburg College in August, 1975. My freshman orientation packet said that I was to meet with my group at my assigned table in the dining hall. After getting my dinner, I found the right table and sat down across from another freshman. There was no one else at the table. I think it was fate. After what seemed like a couple of minutes, a conversation started. We talked about our hometowns. He told me that his family lived in Manassas, but that most of his life was spent in Naples, Italy. As you all know, he was very proud of his Italian heritage. He was very proud of his life, family, and friendships in Italy. After awhile in this conversation, I asked him if knew anything about school sports. â€Å"I would like to run cross country,† I said. Well with that question, there was much to talk about. It did not take too long to realize that while I enjoyed running, for him, it was his passion. Rich became my closest friend through college. Through that friendship I made other life-changing friendships that carry on today. He told me his happiest time in college was his senior year. That is when he met his wife Nonie. I remember their first date when Sandi Parker introduced them. Many times he would head over to Randolph-Macon Women’s College to see Nonie, or she would be headed to our campus to see him. Rich and I were roommates that year. Several years after college and living in North Carolina, I realized that I had no friends and a job I did not like. I was thinking of moving back home to the D.C. area. Rich and I talked often on the phone. At that point, he said, â€Å"Look, why don’t you try it out here.† I told him I had no money and no job prospects. He said, â€Å"Brad, you can stay here, sleep on the sofa. I will get us some paint jobs to help get you started.† So, Rich and Nonie graciously opened up their home. While I slept on the sofa, Andrew shared the â€Å"mamote† [remote]. A month later, I got a place to live and a full-time job. I do not know of many friends that would open their home up like that, but then that’s Rich.

The essence of a memoir is to look back at ones experience, and see Es

The essence of a memoir is to look back at one's experience, and see how they have developed and matured. The essence of a memoir is to look back at one's experience, and see how they have developed and matured. This is no different in Dave Eggers fictitious memoir, A Heartbreaking Story of Staggering Genius. To explore what has changed a person it is important to look at what most of the person's time was spent doing. In Dave's situation, there is no shadow of a doubt, at the age of 22, his life revolved around the security and well being of his little brother Christopher (Toph). To completely comprehend Eggers growth and maturity, it is essential to analyze his relationship with his little brother Toph. Father, mother, brother, all wrapped in one, Dave becoming Toph's guardian constructed the adult that Eggers would become. Dave did not become Toph's guardian because he wanted to, but because he was the one left over. Bill was out getting a job and Beth was finishing graduate school. Dave immediately tried to overcome the grief of dealing with two dead parents, and taking care of Toph by making Toph's and his own lives fun. He spent all of the social security and inheritance on a nice house; they went out all the time; singing to song, making of people in the car, playing lots of frisbee at the beach. He seemed to drown out the sadness of the situation with their complimentary money. At this point, Dave's feelings still cannot escape him. "It's Friday night and I should be out, across the bay, I should be out every night with the rest of the young people, fixing my hair, spilling my beer, trying to get someone to touch my penis.. So yet, I could be out, enjoying this freedom specifically and that... ... did very little lecturing (something everyone's parents love to do) and just let Toph explore life as it came. This is shown when Dave picks up Toph from the girls house. Toph had played his first game of spin the bottle. Dave has all these expectations for Toph and was disappointed to hear that Toph thought nothing special of the girls, but instead of going into his regrets he had, he just let it be, because Toph will figure it out. This seems to be the parenting model in which Dave and Toph's relationship is about. Dave spent less time sheltering and trying to mold Toph to his expectations and more time just having fun with him. This created Toph to become an independent and responsible child. Because Toph was not a conventional parent, some may argue that Dave has little responsibility in Toph's maturing, but don't tell Dave, "parent almighty", so.

Parisienne Fashion and Impressionism

Impressionist Effect on Parishioner Fashion The saying, â€Å"A woman is a corset is a lie, a falsehood, a fiction; but for us this fiction is better than reality was decorating Art Institute of Chicago walls, supporting the main idea behind Impressionism, which is â€Å"impression†. This art movement originates back to 19th Century France with a group of Parishioner artists.The trend reflects natural elements through person's perspective in an emotional way; therefore the artists, who adopted Impressionism, do not display the reality objectively, but they filter it through their views and come up with their final impression that appears on the painting. Compositions usually underline the intensity of daylight depending of the hour and vivid pigments that are used, rather than the objects in the painting. Impressionist painting was established in sass's against the conservative and repressive rules of Cad ©mime des Beaux- Arts which is French Fine Arts Academy.Artists like Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre- Augusta Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Berth Morison did a showcase in 1874, outside of Paris and introduced themselves as Impressionists, as well as they introduced the art movement. As they adopted the trend, the painters had a few elements in common such as preferring to work on their paintings in open air; expressing the temporarily and pugnacity of the present were exclusively important to them. L Therefore being in a dynamic and modern society also affected the technique they used which was applying brush prints rapidly.Besides their preference of using open air as their studios, the artists also used modern life elements for inspiration and therefore fleeted on the social scenery of Paris in 19th century that included cafes, balls and hippodromes, as horseradish was one of the important events. 2 Like in every art movement, Impressionism was also affected by that era's conditions; with the Industrial Revolution, conf ection got bigger in the country and fashion and became more eligible for every class.For instance from sass's through the sass's cashmere shawls from India and Iran (back at the time Persia) were coveted and costly signs of respectability. 3 After this change, every economical class started to have their own apparel codes, which made this adjustment a muse for the artist' production process and James Toots's Shop Girl painting is one of them. The tableau illustrates a young woman standing inside of a ribbon shop, holding the door with one hand while facing the audience and holding a wrapped package in the other hand.The women in the store modestly clothed, however as Taoist highlights the women's bust with slimming their waists; he is almost implying to a social circumstance that is women who work were considered morally dubious. Combining the elements of working at a store and oddest clothing shows that these women did not belong to a class that was higher than average. The room i s filled with piles of ribbons, has antique chairs and an inlaid, large table. On the background, a busy Parishioner street scene is showing through the window.The paintings dimensions are 31. 37 in x 25. 62 in and type is oil on canvas. Taoist created the painting between 1883- 1885 using small brush strokes and dull, dry pigments. The angle of the light is not exposing and not overwhelming as it reminds the viewer a calm, sunny afternoon; it is also used to define the form ND suggest plasticity. Therefore the texture appears to be smooth and soft rather than hard and rough. Also, lines are actual however with the softening effect of light/ shadowing balance, the painting does not look contoured.Due to that, the pictorial impression is deep and with 3 dimensioning effect, it suggests pictorial space. 4 Another Taoist painting that is a successful reflection of Impressionism in Parishioner fashion is Portrait of Mademoiselle L. L.. The setting includes a closed area, a room, and a y oung woman posing for the painter. The completion date is 1864 and quinine is oil on canvas with dimensions being 48 x 39 in. This painting depicts a typical above average Parishioner young woman who seems independent and confident.Taoist maintained this look with softly- rendered pompom Jacket, which is vogue for Spanish fashions set by Empress Genuine as well as uniforms of French Suave soldiers. Penthouse the clothing seems modest; the bright red that is standing out in pastel pigments is courageous enough for the model to have as a jacket. The light and lines help the viewer to see the depth of the painting and even he mirror supports that feeling; therefore according to the audience, the pictorial space is great.Like a typical Impressionist painting, this one also has quality of the surface that is revealed by light is soft and smooth. 5 As James Taoist being only one of the representatives of Impressionist art trend, there has been many others like Eduardo Monet, Gustavo Court ed and Edgar Degas. These artists were all inspired by the social scene and therefore chose to focus on clothing, which were symbolic to to class levels, while expressing their understanding of their time.Penthouse the themes usually include open air, as it can be seen in these two examples of art work, it is easy to find paintings that have closed environments as their settings; and it is impressive how the depth feeling is never lowering because of this element. Also, it is unique and interesting how these artists were able to reflect on class levels and social statuses by highlighting the clothing of individuals in their paintings. But then again, it seems inevitable to not have fashion as a part of the context in art in a city which has â€Å"There are two ways to be Parishioner; by birth or by dress† as its motto.

Citizen Kane Breakfast Montage Essay

Abstract: While it is evident to the viewer that Charles and Emily’s marriage is falling apart during Citizen Kane’s breakfast montage, the mise-en-scene and technical devices used to reinforce this idea are less recognizable. The variation of the actors’ demeanors and placement, the progression of costumes, and the use of lighting subtly support the presentation of a deteriorating marriage, and furthermore, of Kane’s inability to sustain a successful, lasting relationship due to his career. The mise-en-scene and technical devices used in the montage are by no means limited to this portion of the film. In fact, they are found in numerous scenes throughout the movie to reveal other relationships that have fallen apart as a result of Kane’s profession, such as his friendship with Jed Leland and romance with Susan Alexander. The actors’ attitudes in each sequence in the montage and their placement in relation to one another are each examples of the mise-en-scene portraying Charles and Emily’s feelings toward each other as time passes in their marriage. The introduction to the montage shows the viewer two individuals playfully flirting after a long night of parties. Charles even plays the role of a butler as he serves his wife. Emily on the other hand, giggles and smiles as she begs her husband to stay home with her a little longer before he goes to work. As each successive sequence passes, Emily becomes reprimanding as her husband begins to spend more time at work, scornful when he insists on putting Mr. Bernstein’s gift in the nursery and when he insults the president in his newspaper, and eventually sad as she sits at a silent breakfast table reading the rival newspaper of her husband’s. Charles tone of voice evolves from flirtatious in the opening sequence, to powerful and controlling as his paper starts to become more successful, to critical when his wife starts to question his authority and literary topics, to demanding as he tells Emily â€Å"people will think what I want them to think.† This last controlling statement reflects a later scene, where a drunk Jed Leland writes a truthful article about Susan Alexander’s terrible opera performance. Kane and Leland initially wrote a declaration of principles stating that the newspaper would always bring the people honest news. To advance his career, Kane stepped away from that principle and only showed the people what he wanted them to see. The difference between Leland wanting to be an honest reporter and Kane wanting to become a successful businessman, no matter what the cost, destroyed the men’s friendship. Not only do Charles and Emily’s tone of voice change with each successive sequence, but the length of conversations and the distance between the couple also change by becoming shorter and more distanced. The first sequence is a long, flirtatious banter consisting of talk about parties and Emily’s beauty with little talk of the newspaper between the married couple sitting next to each other. Each progressive breakfast has a shorter conversation dominated by talk of the newspaper as opposed to the couple’s relationship. After the first breakfast, Emily and Charles sit on opposite sides of the table, a physical demonstration of how the newspaper is creating distance between husband and wife. A similar example of evolved physical distance can be seen in the later romance between Charles and Susan Alexander. A prime illustration of this is the scene where Susan is putting together a puzzle on one side of the massive living room in Xanadu and Charles is standing at the other end. When Charles and Susan started seeing each other, they were more often than not close in proximity. Susan was an asset for the Inquirer during her opera career, where Kane would have great reviews written about her performances, despite the fact that they violated his â€Å"Declaration of Principles.† Huge audiences were brought to his newly built opera house, thus making his name more popular. However, once the second Mrs. Kane ended her career as an opera singer and was no longer useful to the newspaper, Charles began to separate himself from her. The progression of Emily and Charles’ physical appearance- from striking clothing, hair, and general upkeep to neither husband nor wife trying to impress their significant other with their physical presentation- is another example of mise-en-scene exhibi ting the failing of the relationship. Emily’s first outfit is a frilly, skin-exposing dress that was worn during an evening out. Her hair is in an intricate, pretty up do and her makeup lightly done, but her skin still youthful without blemishes or wrinkles. Each following sequence has Emily wearing a dress that shows less skin and is more proper, her hair worn increasingly more carelessly, and her face showing more wrinkles and looking less youthful with a sad expression. Charles follows a similar pattern in the way his dress evolves. He initially wears a suit meant for a party and looks handsome with his hair slicked back and almost no sign of age on his face. However, he starts wearing robes to breakfast with unkempt hair, not looking to impress his wife. A few sequences in, we start seeing Charles back in a suit, but with increased amounts of age lines visible on his face, indicating that he is spending more time and energy at work, and he is either coming home from work around breakfast time or leaving immediately after breakfast to tend to the Inquirer. While the clothing choices of each character reflects the decreasing effort to please each other, the wrinkles on each characters face shows how both the relationship and the newspaper are starting to perturb both husband and wife. Both key lighting and fill lighting contribute to the montage by depicting the time of each day and the presentation of the actors’ faces. The key light is a parallel in every sequence of the montage. It always comes from the back window and portrays that it is the same time of day in each sequence. The corresponding unvarying time of day paired with the evolving conversations and attire described earlier create a feeling that the act of having breakfast together has become routine and a burden as opposed to romantic for the couple. While the key light is unchanged throughout the montage, the fill light on each actors face changes in each sequence to assist in the idea that time is passing. A large amount of fill light is used at the outset of the montage, giving a youthful, blemish-less look to the faces of Charles and Emily. However, the fill light becomes less prominent in each successive sequence, giving Charles an intensifying harshness on his face with more age lines and Emily more dramatic shadows along her cheekbones and eyes, making her appear to be tired and sad. Acting, costumes, and lighting are all devices used throughout Citizen Kane to demonstrate failing relationships between Kane and some of the closest individuals in his life, including Emily, Jed Leland, and Susan Alexander. Nevertheless, the breakfast montage effectively applies both mise-en-scene and technical devices to display the first broken relationship caused by Charles Kane’s passion for the Inquirer.

The Countercultures of the 1960’s and 2000’s

The Sixties has distinguished itself as a decade that saw great cultural and political upheavals. The movements of the Sixties were struggling against the most problematic and difficult issues of post-war world — racism and poverty, dehumanization in the developed world due to technology, and Third World liberation (Morgan 4). By the 1960s, the ghetto communities of California became overly poor, overly policed, and extremely resentful. This tension between a racist and repressive police force led to civil disturbance and unrest in the United States.Growing unrest led to the rise of the civil rights movements such as the Black Panthers in Oakland, the Black Berets (Chicano) in San Jose, and the Brown Berets in Los Angeles. In an effort to divert or destroy growing movements for social change, the government infiltrated most civil rights and community activist groups, precipitating their demise or diminishing their influence (Rodriguez 12). In the fall of 1966, two young black militants, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California.They wanted to have African-American history courses taught in the college as well as the employment of additional black teachers but soon evolved in response to a survey of the community to include a ten-point platform which called for â€Å"Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace. † This basic ideology has been flexible enough to be adapted to meet the needs of all those who conceptualized the Black Nationalist struggle as one of both race and class (Harris 162). The Brown Berets was an organization who initially led the cultural awareness and social-political activism in the 1960’s for the young Hispanics.They were a new generation of Mexican students characterized by increasing militancy over continuing inequity in education and inequality in economic opportunity. However, the Brown Beret’s resistance to police harassment, coupled with their military idolatry and political romanticism caused the organization to degenerate into militant violence and, gradually, to alienate the Mexican community and its youth altogether (Alfieri 1569). In the late 1960’s, a group was formed calling for a new gay radicalism. It was called the Gay Liberation Front which aimed to fight the cultural homophobia alongside racism, sexism, and militarism.It was formed after the Stonewall Riots which started with the raid on a gay bar. The police was met with much resistance and shouts of â€Å"Gay Power! † The movement aimed to free sexuality, transform the family as an institution, end anti-queer violence, and develop a new vocabulary for the erotic (Shepard 49). The 1960’s also saw the rise of rock music and alongside it, the movement known as the counterculture emerged. America’s youth was vulnerable to the messages of rock music's sounds. From this emerged a group called the hippie.â€Å"Hippie† meant differ ent things to the older and younger generations. According to Terry Anderson in The Movement and the Sixties (1996): Parents usually stated that hippies included everyone revolting against something, or simply revolting to them, and mainstream journalists simply labeled them â€Å"dirty, costumed protesters† who had long hair, smelled, and smoked dope. Marijuana was the â€Å"staple of hippiedom,† declared Time, â€Å"L. S. D. its caviar,† and Nicholas von Hoffman added, â€Å"if the word means anything, it means a hippie is a dope dealer.† At the end of the decade a journalist summed up the older generations' level of knowledge of the counterculture when he gave his peers advise on how to spot a hippie: â€Å"Well, hippies look like hippies† (243). The hippies promote a bloodless revolution of young urbanites, who, although they protest against much in society, are non-violent protesters, and who symbolize their attempt to overthrow western values by their home-made clothes, their rejection of the distinction between ‘decent' and ‘obscene', their disbelief in political solutions, and their desperate attempt to be ‘folk' (Wilson 195).In the twenty first century, fads and lifestyle are likewise influenced by music and less due to civil activism. It is rooted more on pop culture. Pop started in the underground in the â€Å"subcultural movements of Black youth, White gays or artistic avant-gardes†¦ pop as a way of living means a way of thinking and feeling, of living and also of dying†¦from Jimi Hendrix to Kurt Cobain† (Muggleton & Weinzerl 42).An example is Goth which was initially a musical genre that emerged in the late 70s post punk era and has now evolved into a full-blown sub culture with the introduction of Gothic fashion and imagery movement. A Goth is someone who is usually into the darker side of the world is deep into thought and feeling and often creates or modifies their clothing u sually consisting of mainly black. Tribal designs and religion-related jewelry are common, such as crucifixes and pentagrams (Muggleton & Weinzerl 290).Then there is hip-hop, a sub-culture or lifestyle which started as a name for the four elements of the late 70's New York City renaissance which includes break dancing, emceeing, (rapping) graffiti, and turntablism. We see its proponents wear loose pants and shirts for men, tight pants and shirts for women and bling-blings. Music and dance has also created an identity and a sense of belonging within the clubbing crowd called rave technotribalism. They are dress upped for parties and clubs.In contrast, we have the Gen X who feel politically dispossessed and express their agitation in the name of democracy, environment, fair trade and other societal issues who dress up in jeans and shirts and carrying back packs (Muggleton & Weinzerl 68-69). Works Cited Alfieri, Anthony V. â€Å"Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. † Duke Law Journal. 53. 5. (2004). 1569+. Anderson, Terry H. The Movement and the Sixties. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Harris, Jessica Christina. â€Å"Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party. † The Journal of Negro History.85. 3. (2000). 162. Morgan, Edward P. The 60s Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Muggleton, David & Weinzierl, Rupert (eds. ) The Post-Subcultures. New York: Berg, 2003. Rodriguez, Luis. â€Å"The End of the Line: California Gangs and the Promise of Street Peace. † Social Justice. 32. 3. (2005). 12-16. Shepard, Benjamin H. â€Å"The Queer/Gay Assimilationist Split: The Suits vs. the Sluts. † Monthly Review. 53. 1. (May 2001). 49. Wilson, Bryan. The Youth Culture and the Universities. London: Faber, 1970.